Linq

LINQ Query, Selection, Partial Selections and Aggregations

LINQ allows you to write structured, type-safe queries over local object collections and remote data sources. LINQ interview questions are short and allow the interviewer to quickly test the depth of your knowledge in LINQ and to a certain degree, extension methods.
Let’s review a bunch of small functions that show you a few LINQ operations.
The example below shows you how to use the Where and Select LINQ extensions:

public static void LinqQueryAndSelection()
{
    List<string> fruits = new List<string> 
                    { "apple", "passionfruit", "banana", "mango", 
                      "orange", "blueberry", "grape", "strawberry" };
        
    // find all fruits that have names of length 5 or less
    IEnumerable<string> query1 = fruits.Where(fruit => fruit.Length < 6);
        
    foreach (string fruit in query1)
        Console.WriteLine(fruit);
        
    // convert the names of all the fruits to uppercase
    IEnumerable<string> query2 = fruits.Select(n => n.ToUpper());
        
    foreach (string fruit in query2)
        Console.WriteLine(fruit);
}

This next example shows you how to do partial selections:

public static void LinqPartialSelection()
{
    List<string> fruits = new List<string> 
                    { "apple", "passionfruit", "banana", "mango", 
                      "orange", "blueberry", "grape", "strawberry" };
        
    // find first 3 fruits
    IEnumerable<string> query1 = fruits.Take(3);
        
    foreach (string fruit in query1)
        Console.WriteLine(fruit);
        
    // skip the first 3 fruits
    IEnumerable<string> query2 = fruits.Skip(3);
        
    foreach (string fruit in query2)
        Console.WriteLine(fruit);
        
    // single element operations
    string firstFruit = fruits.First(); // apple
    string lastFruit = fruits.Last(); //  strawberry
    string thirdFruit = fruits.ElementAt(2); // banana
    string fruitStratingWithM = fruits.First(f => f.StartsWith("m")); // mango
}

This last example shows you how to use LINQ to aggregate values:

public static void LinqAggregation()
{
    int[] numbers = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 };
        
    // aggregation operations
    int count = numbers.Count(); // 6
    int min = numbers.Min(); // 3
    int max = numbers.Max(); // 8
    double average = numbers.Average(); // 5.5
        
    // the operators above also take an optional predicate
    int countEvensOnly = numbers.Count(n => n % 2 == 0);
        
    // assume that values decay over period
    // MAX and MIN functions allow the numbers to be transformed
    // before the operation
    int maxAfterMultiplicationByTwo = numbers.Max(n => n * 2); // 16
}

There is much more to LINQ than these starter examples. From an interviewing perspective you should learn in depth about the standard Query operations which can be broken down into several categories:

• Filtering operations: Where, Take, Skip, etc.
• Project operations: Select, Join, etc.
• Ordering operations: OrderBy, ThenBy, Reverse. etc.
• Grouping operations: GroupBy
• Set operations: Concat, Union, etc.
• Element operations: First, FirstOrDefault, Last, etc.
• Aggregation operations: Count, Min, Max, Sum, etc.
• Qualifier operations: Contains, Any, All, etc.
• Conversion operations: ToArray, ToList, Cast, etc.

Another important fact to note is that LINQ operations can be chained as shown in the example below.

public static void LinqChaining()
{
    List<string> fruits = new List<string> 
                    { "apple", "passionfruit", "banana", "mango", 
                      "orange", "blueberry", "grape", "strawberry" };
        
    // operator chaining
    IEnumerable<string> query1 = fruits
                            .Where(f => f.Contains("a"))
                            .OrderBy(f => f.Length)
                            .Select(f => f.ToUpper());
        
    foreach (string fruit in query1)
        Console.WriteLine(fruit);
}

--------------------%%%%%%%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question: Given an array of numbers, find if ALL numbers are a multiple of a provided number. For example, all of the following numbers - 30, 27, 15, 90, 99, 42, 75 are multiples of 3.
The trick here is to use the Enumerable.All<TSource> method which determines whether all elements of a sequence satisfy a condition.

static void Main(string[] args)
{
    int[] numbers = { 30, 27, 15, 90, 99, 42, 75 };

    bool isMultiple = MultipleTester(numbers, 3);
}

private static bool MultipleTester(int[] numbers, int divisor)
{
    bool isMultiple =
        numbers.All(number => number % divisor == 0);
    
    return isMultiple;
}

Question: Given an array of numbers, find if ANY of the number is divisible by 5. For example, one of the following numbers - 30, 27, 18, 92, 99, 42, 72 is divisible by 5.

Again, the key fact here is to use Enumerable.Any<TSource> method which determines whether any element of a sequence satisfies a condition. The code is very similar to the ALL case.
 

static void Main(string[] args)
{
    int[] numbers = { 30, 27, 18, 92, 99, 42, 72 };
        
    bool isDivisible = IsDivisible(numbers, 3);
}

private static bool IsDivisible(int[] numbers, int divisor)
{
    bool isDivisible =
        numbers.Any(number => number % divisor == 0);
    
    return isDivisible;
}

Another way to present a similar question that utilizes Enumerable.Any<TSource> method is shown below.
Question: Given a GPSManufacturer and GPSDevice data structure as defined below, find all the manufacturers that have at least 1 or more active GPS devices.

class GpsDevice
{
    public string Name;
    public bool IsActive;
}
    
class GpsManufacturer
{
    public string Name;
    public GpsDevice[] Devices;
}
    
static List<GpsManufacturer> gpsManufacturers = 
    new List<GpsManufacturer> 
    {
        new GpsManufacturer 
           {Name = "manf1", 
            Devices = new GpsDevice[] 
            {
                new GpsDevice {Name = "device1", IsActive = true},
                new GpsDevice {Name = "device2", IsActive = false}
            }
        },
        new GpsManufacturer 
           {Name = "manf2", 
            Devices = new GpsDevice[] 
            {
                new GpsDevice {Name = "device1", IsActive = false},
                new GpsDevice {Name = "device2", IsActive = false}
            }
        },
        new GpsManufacturer 
        {Name = "manf3"}
    };

The following function finds out the active GPS manufacturers.

        public static void ActiveGpsManufacturers()
        {
            // Determine which manufacturers have a active device.
            IEnumerable<string> activeManf =
                from manf in gpsManufacturers // for all manufacturers
                where manf.Devices != null && // they have a list of devices
                    // and at least one of the device is active
                      manf.Devices.Any(m => m.IsActive == true)
                select manf.Name; // select them
                
            // just for debugging
            foreach (string name in activeManf)
                Console.WriteLine(name);
        }

As an extension question and using Lambda expressions, consider the following question:
Question: Find the count of all the manufacturers that have at least 1 or more active GPS devices.
 

public static void ActiveGpsManufacturersCount()
{
    // to count the number of active manufacturers
    int activeManfCount =
        gpsManufacturers.Count
            (manf => (manf.Devices != null &&
                      manf.Devices.Any(m => m.IsActive == true)));

    // debugging
    Console.WriteLine("Active Manf count: {0}", activeManfCount);
}

MSDN has extensive documentation on LINQ. I recommend reading about the various functions and then trying out various queries on your own. LINQPad is an excellent tool to learn also.

Question 1: How can you sort a result set based on 2 columns?
Assume that you have 2 tables – Product and Category and you want to sort first by category and then by product name.

var sortedProds = _db.Products.Orderby(c => c.Category).ThenBy(n => n.Name) 

Question 2: How can you use LINQ to query against a DataTable?

You cannot query against the DataTable's Rows collection, since DataRowCollection doesn't implement IEnumerable<T>. You need to use the AsEnumerable() extension for DataTable. As an example:

var results = from myRow in myDataTable.AsEnumerable() 
where myRow.Field<int>("RowNo") == 1 
select myRow; 

Question 3: LINQ equivalent of foreach for IEnumerable<T>

There is no ForEach extension for IEnumerable; only for List. There is a very good reason for this as explained by Eric Lippert here.
Having said that, there are two ways you can solve this:
Convert the items to list and then do a foreach on it:

items.ToList().ForEach(i => i.DoStuff());

Or, alternatively, you can write an extension method of your own.

public static void ForEach<T>(this IEnumerable<T> enumeration, Action<T> action) 
{ 
    foreach(T item in enumeration) 
    { 
        action(item); 
    } 
}

Question 4: When to use .First and when to use .FirstOrDefault with LINQ?

You should use First when you know or expect the sequence to have at least one element. In other words, when it is an exceptional if the sequence is empty.
Use FirstOrDefault, when you know that you will need to check whether there was an element or not. In other words, when it is legal for the sequence to be empty. You should not rely on exception handling for the check.
Question 5: Write a LINQ expression to concatenate a List<string> in a single string separated by a delimiter.
First of all, it is better to use string.Join to tackle this problem. But for interview purposes, this problem can be approached as follows:

string delimeter = ","; 

List<string> items = new List<string>() { "foo", "boo", "john", "doe" }; 

Console.WriteLine(items.Aggregate((i, j) => i + delimeter + j)); 

Question 6: Write a LINQ expression to concatenate a List<MyClass> objects in a single string separated by a delimiter. The class provides a specific property (say Name) that contains the string in question.

items.Select(i => i.Name).Aggregate((i, j) => i + delimeter + j)

Question 1: Using LINQ, determine if any word in a list contains the substring “ei”.

    string[] words = { "believe", "relief", "receipt", "field" };

    bool iAfterE = words.Any(w => w.Contains("ei"));

    Console.WriteLine("list has words that contains 'ei': {0}", iAfterE);

Question 2: Using LINQ, return a grouped list of products only for categories that have at least one product that is out of stock.

In this case, we run any over a grouping as shown below:

    List<Product> products = GetProductList();

    var productGroups =

        from p in products

        group p by p.Category into g

        where g.Any(p => p.UnitsInStock == 0)

        select new { Category = g.Key, Products = g };

Question 3: Determine if an array of numbers contains all odds.

int[] numbers = { 1, 11, 3, 19, 41, 65, 19 };

bool onlyOdd = numbers.All(n => n % 2 == 1);

Console.WriteLine("The list contains only odd numbers: {0}", onlyOdd);

Question 4: Using LINQ, return a grouped list of products only for categories that have all of their products in stock.


  List<Product> products = GetProductList(); var productGroups = from p in products group p by p.Category into g where g.All(p => p.UnitsInStock > 0) select new { Category = g.Key, Products = g };

What is LINQ? It stands for Language Integrated Query. LINQ is collection of standard query operators that provides the query facilities into .NET framework language like C# , VB.NET.

How LINQ is beneficial than Stored Procedures? There are couple of advantage of LINQ over stored procedures. 1. Debugging - It is really very hard to debug the Stored procedure but as LINQ is part of .NET, you can use visual studio's debugger to debug the queries. 2. Deployment - With stored procedures, we need to provide an additional script for stored procedures but with LINQ everything gets complied into single DLL hence deployment becomes easy. 3. Type Safety - LINQ is type safe, so queries errors are type checked at compile time. It is really good to encounter an error when compiling rather than runtime exception!

Why Select clause comes after from clause in LINQ? The reason is, LINQ is used with C# or other programming languages, which requires all the variables to be declared first. From clause of LINQ query just defines the range or conditions to select records. So that’s why from clause must appear before Select in LINQ.

What is the extension of the file, when LINQ to SQL is used? The extension of the file is .dbml

What is the LINQ file extension that interacts with Code Behind's objects. its .dbml

What is a Lambda expression? A Lambda expression is nothing but an Anonymous Function, can contain expressions and statements. Lambda expressions can be used mostly to create delegates or expression tree types. Lambda expression uses lambda operator => and read as 'goes to' operator. Left side of this operator specifies the input parameters and contains the expression or statement block at the right side. Example: myExp = myExp/10; Now, let see how we can assign the above to a delegate and create an expression tree: delegate int myDel(int intMyNum); static void Main(string[] args) { //assign lambda expression to a delegate: myDel myDelegate = myExp => myExp / 10; int intRes = myDelegate(110); Console.WriteLine("Output {0}", intRes); Console.ReadLine(); //Create an expression tree type //This needs System.Linq.Expressions Expression<myDel> myExpDel = myExp => myExp /10;  } Why can't datareader by returned from a Web Service's Method. Cos, it's not realizable. What is the use of System.XML.XLinq.dll? System.XML.XLinq.dll contains classes to provide functionality to use LINQ with XML. Which assembly represents the core LINQ API? System.Query.dll assembly represents the core LINQ API. What is the benefit of using LINQ on Dataset? The main aim of using LINQ to Dataset is to run strongly typed queries on Dataset. Suppose we want to combine the results from two Datasets, or we want to take a distinct value from the Dataset, then it is advisable to use LINQ. Normally you can use the SQL queries to run on the database to populate the Dataset, but you are not able to use SQL query on a Dataset to retrieve a particular values. To get this you need to use ADO.NET functionalities. But, in case of LINQ, it provides more dignified way of querying the Dataset and provides some new features as compared to ADO.NET. What are the advantages of LINQ over Stored Procedures? Below is the three advantages of LINQ over stored procedures. Debugging - As debug point concern, as LINQ is part of .NET, we can use the visual studio's debugger to debug the queries but it is tough to debug the Stored procedure as it will not support the visual studio debugger. Deployment - In case of deployment, we need to provide an additional script for stored procedures to execute but in case of LINQ, it will complie into single DLL hence deployment becomes easier. Type Safety - As LINQ is type safe, the queries errors are type checked at compile time. Better suggest to use LINQ because it helps to encounter an error at the compile time rather than at runtime exception. What is the disadvantage of LINQ over stored procedures? The disadvantage with LINQ is, it is not a precompiled statement where as stored procedures are precompiled. In case of LINQ the queries need to be compile before the execution. So according to this, I can say stored procedures are faster in performance as compared to LINQ. What are Quantifiers? They are LINQ Extension methods which return a Boolean value 1)All 2)Any 3)Contains 4)SequenceEqual example: int[] arr={10,20,30}; var b=arr.All(a=>a>20); ------------------------------------------- Output: b will return False since all elements are not > 20. Difference between XElement and XDocument Both are the classes defined by System.Xml.Linq namespace XElement class represents an XML fragment XDocument class represents an entire XML document with all associated meta-data. example: XDocument d = new XDocument( new XComment("hello"), new XElement("book", new XElement("bookname", "ASP.NET"), new XElement("authorname", "techmedia"), ) ); Briefly can you explain the purpose of LINQ providers ? They are a set of classes that takes a LINQ query and dynamically generates on the fly query which is executed against a specific data source(sql database, oracle, xml file, array...etc) What is the difference between N-layer and N-tier architecture? N-layers of application may reside on the same physical computor(same tier) and the components in each layer communicates with the components of other layer by well defined interfaces.Layered architecture focuses on the grouping of related functionality within an application into distinct layers that are stacked vertically on top of each other.Communication between layers is explicit and loosely coupled.With strict layering, components in one layer can interact only with componentsin the same layer or with components from the layer directly below it. The main benefits of the layered architectural style are: Abstraction,Isolation, Manageability, Performance, Reusability, Testability. N-tiers architectue usually have atleast three separate logical parts,each located on separate physical server.Each tier is responsible with specific functionality.Each tier is completely independent from all other tier, except for those immediately above and below it.Communication between tiers is typically asynchronous in order to support better scalability. The main benifit of tier achitecture styles are 1.Maintainability. Because each tier is independent of the other tiers, updates or changes can be carried out without affecting the application as a whole. 2.Scalability. Because tiers are based on the deployment of layers, scaling out an application is reasonably straightforward. 3.Flexibility. Because each tier can be managed or scaled independently, flexibility is increased. 4.Availability. Applications can exploit the modular architecture of enabling systems using easily scalable components, which increases availability. Tell me the exact difference between IQueryable and IEnumerable interface ? IEnumerable<T> is applicable for in-memory data querying, and in contrast IQueryable<T> allows remote execution, like web service or database querying. What is the difference between Count() and LongCount() extension methods in LINQ ? public static long display() { var tempval = (from h in objDB.tbl_mvc_login select h).Count (); return tempval; } public static long display() { var tempval = (from h in objDB.tbl_mvc_login select h).LongCount (); return tempval; }   Look carefully to the above methods declared. They both does the same thing but LongCount() has a greater range than Count(). According to MSDN, it has the range from long.MinValue = -9223372036854775808 long.MaxValue = 9223372036854775807 which is quite big. Its DotNet Framework type is System.Int64. While count() DotNet Framework type is System.Int32 which has a range from long.MinValue = -2,147,483,648 long.MaxValue = 2,147,483,647 So, next time if you want to count something which is quite big then use LongCount() extension method otherwise use Count(). Can you explain in brief about Aggregate() extension method in LINQ ? public static int display() { int[] numbersArray = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; return numbersArray.Aggregate((x1, x2) => x1 * x2); } output : 120 In the above code, "numbersArray" is an integer array. Here, the first one being the first number or the previous result, and the second one is the second or next number to participate the calculation. The calculation goes like :- 1 * 1 = 1 (stored in x1) x1 * 2 = 2 (stored in x1) x1 * 3 = 6 (stored in x1) x1 * 4 = 24 (stored in x1) x1 * 5 = 120 (stored and returned back) What is the difference between FirstOrDefault() and SingleOrDefault() extension method in LINQ ? FirstOrDefault() = gets the first item that matches a given criteria. SingleOrDefault() = if you specify this extension method that means you are specifically saying that there can be only one value that matches the criteria. If there are more then 1 value that matches the criteria, throw an exception. What is the difference between First() and Single() extension methods in LINQ ? • First() - There is at least one result, an exception is thrown if no result is returned. • Single() - There is exactly 1 result, no more, no less, an exception is thrown if no result is returned. How to get the Value of attribute from XML using XDocument class? Let us look at the below situation <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?> <Countries> <State Name = 'Karnataka'> <City Name='Bangalore' /> <City Name= 'Guledgudda' /> <City Name= 'Hubli' /> <City Name= 'Tumkur' /> </State> </Countries> The challenge is to get the City Names using XDocument class. The below code will help us to do so string inputXml = @"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?> <Countries> <State Name = 'Karnataka'> <City Name='Bangalore' /> <City Name= 'Guledgudda' /> <City Name= 'Hubli' /> <City Name= 'Tumkur' /> </State> </Countries>"; XDocument countrySource = XDocument.Parse(inputXml); //The query countrySource .Descendants("State") .SelectMany(i => i.Elements()) .ToList() .ForEach(i=>Console.WriteLine((string)i.Attribute("Name"))); //Output Bangalore Guledgudda Hubli Tumkur Explain with an example how to perform group by in LINQ/LAMBDA? Consider the below input var input = new string[] { "Apple", "Banana", "Mango", "Apple", "Orange", "Mango", "Strawberry", "Apple" }; The problem is to write a query using LINQ and LAMBDA that will count the nunber of fruits. Solution var input = new string[] { "Apple", "Banana", "Mango", "Apple", "Orange", "Mango", "Strawberry", "Apple" }; //Using LINQ (from a in input group a by a into g select new { Key = g.Key ,Count = g.Count() }) .ToList() .ForEach(i => Console.WriteLine("Number of {0} is {1}", i.Key, i.Count)); //Using Lambda input .GroupBy(g => g) .Select(i => new { Key = i.Key, Count = i.Count() }) .ToList() .ForEach(i => Console.WriteLine("Number of {0} is {1}", i.Key, i.Count)); Output Number of Apple is 3 Number of Banana is 1 Number of Mango is 2 Number of Orange is 1 Number of Strawberry is 1 How to assign a computed value to the same array back? Consider the below input var input = new string[] { "Apple", "Banana", "Mango", "Apple", "Orange", "Mango", "Strawberry", "Apple" }; The problem is to write a query using LINQ that will count the number of fruits and will assign back the value to the same array i.e. we should not create another array for storing the computed values. Solution var input = new string[] { "Apple", "Banana", "Mango", "Apple", "Orange", "Mango", "Strawberry", "Apple" }; input = (from a in input group a by a into g where g.Count() >= 2 select g.Key + " ( " + g.Count() + " )").ToArray(); Output Apple ( 3 ) Mango ( 2 ) How will you obtain the length of the longest string in a Data table assuming that every column in of type string using Lambda? DataTable dt = new DataTable(); var maxLength = dt.AsEnumerable() .SelectMany(r => r.ItemArray.OfType<string>()) .Max(i => i.Length); First cast the Datatable to System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<T> object by using the AsEnumerable() extension method,then using the SelectMany extension method to find out the items in the ItemArray whose type is string and finally figuring out the max length of the records. How will you obtain the length of the longest string in every column of a Datatable assuming that every column in of type string using Lambda? DataTable dt = new DataTable(); var maximumColumnsLengths = Enumerable.Range(0, dt.Columns.Count) .Select(col => dt.AsEnumerable() .Select(row => row[col]).OfType<string>() .Max(val => val.Length)).ToList();   Write a code snippet for Left outer join using LINQ? I failed to answer this question in my interview session. So I searched the answer for the question and found in MSDN. After my understanding I just wrote a simple program to understand the left outer join in LINQ. namespace LeftOuterJoin { namespace LeftOuterJoin { class Employee { public string EmpName { get; set; } public int EmpAge { get; set; } public string EmpDeptID { get; set; } } class Department { public string DeptID { get; set; } public string DeptName { get; set; } } class Program { public static void Main(string[] args) { Employee objEmp1 = new Employee { EmpName = "Naga", EmpAge = 29, EmpDeptID = "1" }; Employee objEmp2 = new Employee { EmpName = "Sundar", EmpAge = 30, EmpDeptID = "2" }; Employee objEmp3 = new Employee { EmpName = "Siva", EmpAge = 28, EmpDeptID = "3" }; Employee objEmp4 = new Employee { EmpName = "Shankar", EmpAge = 31, EmpDeptID = "4" }; Department objDept1 = new Department { DeptID = "1", DeptName = "IT" }; Department objDept2 = new Department { DeptID = "2", DeptName = "Admin" }; Department objDept3 = new Department { DeptID = "3", DeptName = "Testing" }; Department objDept4 = new Department { DeptID = "4", DeptName = "HR" }; Department objDept5 = new Department { DeptID = "5", DeptName = "Sales" }; //Creating List of Objects List<Employee> employees = new List<Employee> { objEmp1, objEmp2, objEmp3, objEmp4 }; List<Department> depts = new List<Department> { objDept1, objDept2, objDept3, objDept4, objDept5 }; //Left Side Department Right side Employee var DeptEmpCollection = from dept in depts join emp in employees on dept.DeptID equals emp.EmpDeptID into de from Employees in de.DefaultIfEmpty() select new { dept.DeptName, EmployeesName = (Employees == null ? "--No Employee--" : Employees.EmpName) }; foreach (var EmpDept in DeptEmpCollection) { Console.WriteLine("Dept {0}, EmpName {1}", EmpDept.DeptName, EmpDept.EmployeesName); } Console.Read(); } } } } Write a query to get the single employee name when there are many employees whose name is "test" in the database ? var employee = (from h in contextobject.Employee where h.EmployeeName == "test" select h).FirstOrDefault<Employee>(); Write a query to get the list of all employees whose name is "test" ? var employeeList = (from h in context.Employee where h.EmployeeName == "test" select h).ToList<Employee>(); IEnumerable Vrs IQueryable IEnumerable Vrs IQueryable In Linq, to query data from database and collections we use IEnumerable and IQueryable. IEnumerable is inherited by IQueryable, so it has all features of it and of its capabilities. Both has their own importance to query data and data manipulation. IEnumerable :- 1. It exists in System.Collection namespace. 2. It can move forward only over collection. 3. It is best to query data from in-memory collections like Array, List, etc. 4. It is suitable for Linq to Objects and Linq To Xml queries. 5. It doesn't support lazy loading, hence not suitable for paging like scenario. DataContextClasses db= new DataContextClasses(); IEnumerable<Employee>List =dc.Employees.Where(m=>m.Name.StartsWith("a")); list=list.Take<Employee>(10); IQueryable :- 1. It exists in System.Linq namespace. 2. It can move forward only over collection. 3. It is best to query data from out-memory like remote database. 4. It is suitable for Linq to Sql queries. 5. It support lazy loading, hence suitable for paging like scenario. DataContextClasses db= new DataContextClasses(); IQueryable<Employee>List =dc.Employees.Where(m=>m.Name.StartsWith("a")); list=list.Take<Employee>(10); What is different between LINQ and Stored Procedure? 1.We can debug LINQ as it is part of .Net, whereas Stored procedure can’t be. 2. Deployment is easy with LINQ as everything compiled into DLL whereas with Stored procedure script is required for deployment. 3. At compile time we can find error, if any in LINQ but it not possible with Stored procedure. Disadvantage of LINQ over Stored procedure? Stored procedure compiles one time and executed every time whereas LINQ compiled everytime , so Stored Procedure is faster as compare to LINQ. What is var? Var is used to declare implicitly typed local variable means it tells compiler to figure out the type of the variable at compile time. Since, 'var' is anonymous type, hence it is used where we don't know the type of output like joining of two tables. var q = (from e in tblEmployee join d in tblDepartment on e.DeptID equals d.DeptID select new { e.EmpID, e.FirstName, d.DeptName }); What is the purpose of SequenceEqual? The SequenceEqual operator determines whether all elements in two collections are equal and in the same order. e.g. using System; using System.Linq; class Program { static void Main() { string[] array1 = { "dot", "net", "perls" }; string[] array2 = { "a", "different", "array" }; string[] array3 = { "dot", "net", "perls" }; string[] array4 = { "DOT", "NET", "PERLS" }; bool a = array1.SequenceEqual(array2); bool b = array1.SequenceEqual(array3); bool c = array1.SequenceEqual(array4, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase); Console.WriteLine(a); Console.WriteLine(b); Console.WriteLine(c); } } Output False True True What is the purpose of ElementAt? The ElementAt operator retrieves the element at a given index in the collection. e.g. string[] names = { "Niladri", "Arina", "Bob","Foo", "Bar" }; Random random = new Random(DateTime.Now.Millisecond); string name = names.ElementAt(3); Console.WriteLine("The name chosen is '{0}'.", name); /* This code produces the following sample output: The name chosen at random is 'Foo'. */ What is the purpose of SingleOrDefault? Gets the first item that matches a given criteria. There can be only one value that matches the criteria. If there are more than 1 value that matches the criteria, throw an exception None of the above All of the above What is the difference between IQueryable and IEnumerable interface?  IEnumerable<T> is applicable for in-memory data querying, and in contrast IQueryable<T> allows remote execution, like web service or database querying. IQueryable<T> is applicable for in-memory data querying, and in contrast IEnumerable<T> allows remote execution, like web service or database querying None of the above How can we handle concurrency in LINQ? KeepCurrentValues OverwriteCurrentValues KeepChanges All of the above What is Language Integrated Query (LINQ)? LINQ is a programming model LINQ is hardware LINQ is a firmware LINQ is a network protocol. Write the basic steps to execute a LINQ query.? Obtain the data source (The data source can be either an SQL database or an XML file) Create a query Execute the query All of the above